Forests and wildlife are essential for maintaining ecological balance. They provide habitat for numerous species, help regulate climate, and support human livelihoods. However, rapid deforestation and exploitation threaten these resources. This chapter explores the importance, threats, and conservation measures related to forests and wildlife in India.
1. Biodiversity in India
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India is one of the world’s most mega-diverse countries, with about 8% of the world’s biodiversity.
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It has over 47,000 plant species and 89,000 animal species.
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Endemic species (found only in India) include the Nilgiri tahr, Andaman wild pig, and Sangai deer.
2. Classification of Species
Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), species are classified into:
a) Normal Species
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Population levels are normal for survival.
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Example: Cattle, Sal, Pine
b) Endangered Species
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At risk of extinction due to habitat loss or exploitation.
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Example: Tiger, Blackbuck, Indian Rhino
c) Vulnerable Species
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Likely to become endangered if threats continue.
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Example: Blue Sheep, Gangetic Dolphin
d) Rare Species
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Small populations may become endangered.
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Example: Himalayan Brown Bear, Wild Asiatic Buffalo
e) Endemic Species
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Found only in specific regions.
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Example: Andaman Teal, Nicobar Pigeon
f) Extinct Species
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No longer exist in the wild or on Earth.
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Example: Dodo, Asiatic Cheetah
3. Causes of Depletion of Flora and Fauna
a) Agricultural Expansion
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Forests cleared for farming (e.g., shifting agriculture in Northeast India).
b) Development Projects
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Dams, mining, and highways destroy habitats (e.g., Narmada Dam, Sardar Sarovar Project).
c) Hunting & Poaching
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Illegal wildlife trade (e.g., Tigers for skin, Rhinos for horns).
d) Habitat Destruction
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Deforestation for urbanization and industries.
e) Climate Change
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Alters ecosystems, affecting species survival.
4. Conservation of Forest and Wildlife
a) Government Initiatives
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Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) – Bans hunting, protects endangered species.
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Project Tiger (1973) – Protects tiger habitats.
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Forest Conservation Act (1980) – Regulates deforestation.
b) Types of Forests (As per Government Classification)
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Reserved Forests (53%) – Highest protection, no public access.
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Protected Forests (29%) – Limited activities allowed.
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Unclassed Forests (18%) – Managed by local communities.
c) Community-Based Conservation
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Chipko Movement (1973) – Villagers hugged trees to prevent logging.
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Joint Forest Management (JFM) – Local communities work with the government to protect forests.
5. Importance of Forests and Wildlife
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Ecological Balance – Maintains oxygen-carbon dioxide balance.
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Economic Value – Provides timber, medicines, and tourism revenue.
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Cultural Significance – Sacred groves in tribal regions.
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