Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development notes

Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Handwritten Notes PDF

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Chapter 1: Development – Class 10 Economics Study Notes

Overview of Development

Development is a broad concept that encompasses the growth of income, improvement in living standards, and enhancement of quality of life. While economic growth is a key part of development, factors like education, health, and social equity are equally vital. To understand development, we rely on various indicators such as income levels, health services, literacy rates, and employment opportunities. One crucial metric often used is the concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which helps compare the buying capacity of people in different countries, offering a more realistic picture of development.

What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals

Development is not a one-size-fits-all concept. Each individual or group may have different aspirations and goals. While some may seek better financial status, others may prioritize dignity, equality, or freedom. For instance, a girl from a well-off family might value educational opportunities and equal treatment with her brother, whereas a farmer might aim for better irrigation or higher crop prices. These diverse expectations highlight that development is a subjective experience influenced by personal, social, and economic backgrounds.

Income and Other Goals

While earning a higher income is an important objective for most people, it is not the only measure of a good life. People also look for non-material benefits such as job security, personal freedom, health care, and respect in society. For example, a job with a slightly lower salary but offering stable employment and safe working conditions might be more desirable than a high-paying job without job security. Hence, true development includes both material wealth and intangible aspects of well-being.

National Development

National development refers to a country’s overall progress in improving the well-being of its citizens. This includes economic indicators like per capita income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as social factors such as literacy rates, access to healthcare, and life expectancy. A nation is considered developed when it ensures a decent standard of living for most of its population, reflected through these indicators.

How to Compare Different Countries or States?

To compare the level of development between countries or states, per capita income is commonly used. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. This gives an average income per person, allowing comparisons between regions with different population sizes. A higher per capita income typically indicates a higher standard of living and better development, although it doesn’t show the full picture without considering other factors like health and education.

Income and Other Criteria

Development is not just about economic gains. Alongside income, people value important social factors such as freedom, equality, education, and healthcare. That’s why relying only on per capita income can be misleading. A region might show high income but could be lagging in health services or education. For a comprehensive understanding of development, we must look beyond numbers and include quality-of-life indicators.

Comparison of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar

While Haryana leads in per capita income, it doesn’t necessarily mean it is the most developed state. Other criteria like literacy rate, infant mortality rate (IMR), and school attendance offer deeper insights:

  • Literacy Rate: Kerala leads with 94%, followed by Haryana at 82% and Bihar at 62%. This indicates better educational infrastructure in Kerala.

  • Infant Mortality Rate: Kerala again performs best with only 12 deaths per 1000 live births, while Haryana and Bihar report 36 and 44 respectively, pointing to weaker health services in the latter.

  • Net Attendance Ratio: In Kerala, 83% of children aged 14-15 attend school, compared to 61% in Haryana and only 43% in Bihar.

These stats show that Kerala, despite lower income than Haryana, offers better education and health facilities, marking it as more developed in real terms.

Public Facilities

Public facilities refer to essential services provided by the government such as schools, hospitals, transport, clean drinking water, and electricity. These services are crucial for ensuring a decent quality of life for all citizens, especially those who cannot afford them privately. For example, even though Punjab has higher income levels than Kerala, Kerala outperforms Punjab in health outcomes like low infant mortality, largely due to efficient public systems like the Public Distribution System (PDS). It shows that access to basic amenities is sometimes more valuable than income alone.

Sustainability of Development

Sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own. It focuses on responsible use of natural resources, especially non-renewables like fossil fuels, ensuring that they are not depleted. Even renewable resources such as groundwater need to be used cautiously, as overuse can lead to long-term damage. Sustainable development is not just a choice—it’s a necessity for long-term prosperity.

Key Definitions to Remember

  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births.

  • Literacy Rate: The percentage of people aged 7 and above who can read and write with understanding.

  • Net Attendance Ratio: The percentage of children aged 14-15 attending school relative to the total number of children in that age group.

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